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Stem Cell Transplant

Introduction


This booklet explains important details about the transplant of blood stem cells. Questions addressed include:

  • What are blood stem cells?
  • Why are blood stem cells collected and used for transplant?
  • What are the benefits and risks of high-dose chemotherapy with blood stem cell rescue as part of the treatment for myeloma?
  • What is the role of high-dose chemotherapy versus novel therapies? Can they be used in combination?


The booklet is meant to provide you with general information only. It is not meant to replace the advice of your doctor, nurse, or other healthcare practitioners. Your healthcare team can answer specific questions related to your personal treatment plan. All words that appear in bold type are defined in the glossary at the back of this booklet.

What is Multiple Myeloma?


Multiple myeloma (also known as myeloma and plasma cell myeloma) is a cancer of the immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells found in the bone marrow. It is a cancer that involves the immune system. The cancerous plasma cells, or myeloma cells, rarely enter the blood stream. The myeloma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, causing the following

  •  Disruption of normal bone marrow function, most commonly causing anemia (a low level of red blood cells in the bloodstream), although reduction in white blood cell and platelet counts can also occur
  •  Damage to bone surrounding accumulated myeloma cells
  • Release of an abnormal protein, monoclonal protein (M protein), into the blood stream and/or urine
  • Suppression of normal immune function, observed as reduced levels of normal immunoglobulins and increased susceptibility to infection

    Myeloma cells can also grow in the form of localized tumors or plasmacytomas. Plasmacytomas may be single or multiple and either medullary (confined within bone marrow and bone) or extramedullary (outside of the bone). When there are multiple plasmacytomas inside or outside bone, this condition is also called multiple myeloma.

 

The Stages of Multiple Myeloma

Confronted with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, a doctor (usually a hematologist/oncologist) must determine the stage of the disease. Disease staging will help determine which parts of the body have been affected and how severely. This will allow the doctor to decide upon the best treatment options.

Stage I (low cell mass): Early disease. The bone structure appears normal or close to normal on x-ray images; the number of red blood cells and amount of calcium in the blood are normal or close to normal; and the amount of M protein is very low.

Stage II (intermediate cell mass): An intermediate stage between stage I and stage III.

Stage III (high cell mass): More advanced disease. One or more of the following are present:

  • Anemia
  • A high level of calcium in the blood
  • More than 3 areas of advanced lytic bone lesions (destructive holes in the bones)
  • A high level of M protein in the blood or urine


A new prognostic factor system called the International Staging System (ISS) was recently introduced. It is based upon the levels of two blood proteins: beta-2 microglobulin (ß2M) and albumin; the levels of these proteins predict overall outcome with myeloma treatment.

Stage I (best outcome)

  • Serum albumin ≥ 3.5 g/dl
  • ß2M of < 3.5 mg/l


Stage II

  • Serum albumin and ß2M both < 3.5 or
  • Serum ß2M between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/l


Stage III

  •   Has more elevated serum ß2M of ≥ 5.5mg/l


Multiple myeloma is a serious cancer, but it is very treatable. Many patients experience a series of responses, relapses, and remissions. New treatments may extend the average survival of 5 years or more for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Patients with myeloma can live over 10 years; some live over 20 years.

 

Background Rationale for Use of High-Dose Chemotherapy and Blood Stem Cell Transplant or Rescue


Myeloma cells and normal blood stem cells are in the same bone marrow microenvironment. As myeloma cells build up in the bone marrow, they become intermixed with normal blood stem cells responsible for the production of normal red and white cells as well as platelets. Any drugs reaching the bone marrow microenvironment can therefore damage both the myeloma cells and the normal blood stem cells.

High-dose melphalan seriously damages normal stem cells. High-dose melphalan is a very effective treatment against myeloma, but can also permanently damage normal blood stem cells. High dosages of melphalan can be especially helpful in eradicating myeloma cells from the bone marrow. To circumvent the problem of simultaneous severe damage to and potential destruction of normal blood stem cells in the bone marrow, techniques for collecting and saving normal blood stem cells before administering the melphalan have been developed.

Stem cells can be collected (harvested) and infused after treatment to replace those damaged by treatment. Normal blood stem cells are collected or “harvested” from the patient or donor before administration of the melphalan. The harvested normal blood stem cells are returned to the blood circulation by a process similar to blood transfusion. By a seeding process, the stem cells pass from the circulation back into the bone marrow where they divide and grow to repopulate the normal bone marrow space. Approximately 36–48 hours after administering the melphalan, the blood and tissue levels of melphalan are very low and do not harm the new stem cell growth. This whole process of harvest and re-infusion at the best time is called “stem cell transplant.”

 

Types of Stem Cell Transplant


Autologous stem cell transplant. Stem cells are harvested from a myeloma patient following initial therapy and re-infused after high-dose melphalan therapy has been administered. This is the most common type of stem cell transplant. The procedure can be performed once (single autotransplant) or twice (double or tandem transplant).

Syngeneic stem cell transplant. Stem cells are harvested from an identical twin. In this case, the stem cells from the identical twin are infused after high-dose therapy, which can be melphalan or other agents.

Allogeneic stem cell transplant. Stem cells are harvested from a family member who is not an identical twin, but is well matched by tissue (HLA) typing. Again, the stem cells are infused after the high-dose therapy.

“Mini” or non-myeloablative allogeneic transplant is a newer and safer procedure than full allogenic transplant. It involves the use of reduced intensity chemotherapy in combination with an allogeneic stem cell transplant.

Matched Unrelated Donor (M.U.D.) stem cell transplant. Stem cells are harvested from a non-family member. In this case, the stem cells are rarely a 100% tissue (HLA) match. Hence the term “mismatch” is frequently used in this situation.

How Stem Cell Transplant is Used as a Part of Myeloma Therapy


Following diagnosis, several options are available for initial or front-line therapy. Typical frontline regimens currently utilized are:

  • Thalidomide plus dexamethasone
  • Dexamethasone alone
  • Various dexamethasone combinations incorporating an anthracycline (e.g., Adriamycin® or Doxil® as part of VAD or VDD), Velcade®, or more recently Revlimid® combinations. Cytoxan® can also be used as part of the initial approach.


Full details of these treatments are discussed in other publications of the International Myeloma Foundation.

In general, stem cell transplant is a potential option for all myeloma patients upon completion of frontline therapy. However, since transplant is an intensive approach, patients over the age of 65 years and/or those with other medical conditions may not be able to tolerate the procedure and/or may run the risk of more serious complications. If stem cell transplant is considered to be a potential option, the most important caution is to avoid use of melphalan by mouth prior to stem cell harvesting, since this can lead to damage of normal bone marrow stem cells. Thus, avoiding melphalan initially and keeping all options open is the most commonly recommended strategy. Conversely, if stem cell transplant can never be an option or is not preferred, for whatever reason, melphalan pills as a part of initial therapy can be a simple and very effective treatment.

Stem cells are harvested and transplant is performed after initial or frontline therapy. This means that treatment is used to achieve response and at least some degree of remission before proceeding to therapy with highdose melphalan and blood stem cell rescue. Major details include:

  • Initial therapy for 3–6 months with drugs that do not damage normal blood stem cells.
  • Ideally, response is achieved with > 50% reduction in myeloma protein levels and/or other indicators of active myeloma prior to the collection of normal blood stem cells. However, even lesser degrees of response may be sufficient to allow safe and effective stem cell collection to be performed.

 

What are the Benefits of High-Dose Chemotherapy with Blood Stem Cell Rescue?


Further improvement in the level of response achieved with frontline therapy is a major advantage of high-dose therapy with stem cell transplant. Over half the time, partial responses will be improved to either VGPR (very good partial response, with ≥ 90% myeloma protein reduction) or CR (complete response, with disappearance of measurable myeloma protein level).

Enhanced benefit in patients who have already achieved VGPR or CR. With the advent of more frequent VGPR or CR with novel frontline therapies, the added benefit of high-dose therapy in this setting is coming under closer scrutiny. High-dose chemotherapy has conferred statistically significant benefit following traditional chemotherapy induction using, for example, VAD chemotherapy. However, novel therapy combinations can produce high levels of VGPR and CR. The additional benefit of high-dose therapy for a patient who has already achieved VGPR or CR is under investigation.

Enhanced response without the necessity of maintenance. A particular benefit of highdose therapy is that added response can occur within a few weeks of the procedure. If CR or VGPR occur, then such patients can be followed and monitored without the absolute need for ongoing maintenance anti-myeloma therapy. Patients undergoing high-dose therapy also tend to be in remission longer and thus to have a longer period before retreatment is required. Thus, the potential ongoing toxicity, inconvenience, and expense of maintenance can be avoided. However, depending upon the individual details, including chromosome testing, maintenance therapy and/or other (consolidation) therapy may be recommended after transplant.

Potential benefit with double or tandem transplantation. If CR or ≥ VGPR are not achieved with a single autologous transplant, then a second autologous (or an alternate transplant such as “mini allogeneic” [see above]) can be offered. Continuing in the attempt to achieve ≥ VGPR with the second transplant does appear to confer benefit.

Significance of achieving CR or VGPR. It has been generally accepted that patients achieving better response such as CR or VGPR have better outcomes (versus, for example, partial response [PR]). However, further studies are required. Having a durable response at a particular level, whether that is a simple PR ( ≥ 50% improvement), VGPR (≥ 90%) or CR (100%), is more important than the level of the response in itself. Response lasting ≥ 2 years is particularly beneficial. The relative benefit of stable disease at the PR, VGPR, or CR level is under further study.

 

Practical Steps in Considering Stem Cell Transplant as a Treatment Option

 

STEP ONE

 

  •   Confirm the diagnosis of active myeloma that requires anti-myeloma treatment.
  • If there is any doubt about the diagnosis or approach to treatment, it is an important time to seek a second opinion before going ahead with a frontline strategy.


STEP TWO

  •   Proceed with initial or frontline therapy to bring the myeloma under control and achieve an initial response.
  •   Make sure to avoid melphalan or other therapy that may reduce the success of normal blood stem cell harvesting. Radiation therapy to the pelvis, for example, can reduce stem cell reserves and should be avoided if possible.


STEP THREE

  •  Assess the response to treatment with each cycle of therapy (usually every 3–4 weeks).
  • After 3–4 cycles of treatment, more complete re-evaluation is recommended, including bone marrow testing plus x-ray/scans as needed to determine the level of response.


STEP FOUR

  •   Review with the physician the pros and cons of stem cell transplant (and/or stem harvesting without immediate transplant).
  •  If ≥ 50% response (PR: ≥ 50% reduction in myeloma protein level in blood and/or urine) is achieved, stem cell harvesting can be planned if it is agreed to proceed. If there is no plan for harvest and/or transplant, a plan for ongoing maintenance or follow-up treatment is required.
  • If there is < 50% response, then other therapy may be required before proceeding to transplant. “Questions and Answers” about stem cell transplant as well as “Questions to Ask the Doctor” about the potential procedure are listed later in the brochure.

 

How Stem Cells are Collected


Blood stem cells are located in the bone marrow. Until about 20 years ago, the only way to collect these stem cells was to have the patient or donor receive a general anesthetic and undergo as many as 50–100 bone marrow aspirations from the back of the pelvic bone to remove enough bone marrow and stem cells to use for future transplant. This was obviously painful, frightening, and inconvenient. The discovery that stem cells could be collected from the bloodstream by giving a patient or donor injections of stem cell growth factors such as Neupogen®, Neulasta®, or Leukine® to trigger the release of bone marrow stem cells into the bloodstream was a major breakthrough. With refinements over the years, this has become the standard method. It is rarely necessary to use the old method of direct bone marrow harvesting from the pelvic bone.

Methods of Collecting Stem Cells from the Blood Stream (Peripheral Blood Stem Cells [PBSC])


There are two main methods for collecting stem cells: 1) giving growth factors alone or 2) giving growth factors with chemotherapy.

1. Growth factors alone.

Growth factors are drugs that stimulate blood stem cells both to grow and to be released into the blood stream. There are red cell and white cell growth factors. These medications are administered subcutaneously (under the skin). Growth factors are often used for patients receiving chemotherapy to hasten their white and red cell count recovery. The white cell growth factors (Neupogen, Neulasta, Leukine) used in high doses stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. This process is called “mobilization.” The injections are given daily for three or more days. Stem cells are usually collected on the 4th or 5th day after starting the injections. The collections and injections will continue daily until sufficient stem cells are obtained.

2. Using chemotherapy plus growth factors.

Chemotherapy with growth factors may also be used to release stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. The doctor will explain why it may or may not be appropriate to use chemotherapy in addition to growth factors. The doctor will explain the chemotherapy that will be administered to mobilize the blood stem cells and its potential benefits and side effects. Following chemotherapy for stem cell mobilization, a white cell growth factor is given by injection under the skin daily for approximately ten days. This procedure is therefore longer and much more intensive than using growth factors alone. The patient or someone who agrees to be responsible may be taught how to give the growth factor injection so that it can be administered at home. Some patients may receive their injections at the clinic/hospital or from visiting nurses. Once the number of stem cells in the blood stream is high enough, they will be collected over 2–5 days, while the patient is still receiving the growth factor injections.

The Collection or Harvesting Procedure

In medical language, the harvesting is called apheresis or leukapheresis – literally the removal of white cells from the blood stream. Apherisis is a procedure whereby blood from the patient or donor passes through a special machine that separates (using a centrifuge technique) and then removes stem cells. The rest of the blood is immediately returned to the patient or donor. Compared to direct bone marrow harvesting, this is a remarkably simple and pain-free procedure.

Apheresis/Leukapheresis: Prior to the start of apheresis, a thin flexible plastic tube called a catheter is inserted through the skin and into a vein so that blood can be taken out. The catheter is usually inserted into the chest just below the collarbone. Insertion of the catheter is usually done as an outpatient procedure, and only a local anesthetic is necessary. The site where the catheter enters the skin may be sore for a few days; the discomfort may be relieved with medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol®). The catheter may be kept in place for several weeks because it can be used to give chemotherapy after stem cells have been collected. Sometimes the same catheter is used during the transplant procedure as well. During this procedure, blood is collected through the catheter and processed through a blood-processing machine to remove the stem cells. The rest of the blood is returned through part of the same catheter (the lumen not being used in a double lumen catheter) or by using a different catheter. The apheresis procedure will last 3–4 hours each day for 1 to 5 days. Apheresis is usually done as an outpatient procedure. The most common side effects experienced during apheresis are slight dizziness and tingling sensations in the hands and feet. Less common side effects include chills, tremors, and muscle cramps. These side effects are temporary and are caused by changes in the volume of the patient’s blood as it circulates in and out of the apheresis machine, as well as by blood thinners added to keep the blood from clotting during apheresis.

Processing stem cells: After collection, the peripheral blood (or occasionally direct bone marrow material) is taken to the processing laboratory, which is usually located within the hospital or local blood bank. In the processing laboratory, the bone marrow or blood cells are prepared for freezing (cryopreservation). The stem cells are mixed with a solution containing the chemical DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to prepare the stem cells for freezing. The stem cells are then frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. The stem cells will be frozen until the time they will be needed for the transplant. They can be stored frozen for as long as necessary. There is some deterioration with time, but excellent function of stem cells is retained for at least 10 years.

How many stem cells do I need? Over the years, a number of studies have been completed to determine the number of stem cells you need to safely undergo high-dose therapy. The number of stem cells is quantified by a special laboratory technique called “CD34+ cell analysis by flow cytometry.” A small sample of the stem cell collection is tested for the number of CD34+ cells in the product. We know that a minimum number of stem cells to safely complete a transplant is 2 million CD34+ cells per kilogram of body weight. The number of CD34+ cells is checked in each daily collection and the number tallied. The stem cell collection process continues daily until the planned number of stem cells is collected – usually 1–4 days. Some transplant centers check the number of CD34+ cells BEFORE starting leukapheresis to make certain there will be a good collection that day. Most transplant physicians collect enough stem cells for two transplants (over 4 million CD34+ cells per kilogram body weight). In situations where a sufficient number of blood stem cells cannot be harvested, patients may qualify for a compassionate use program of AMD-3100 (Mozobil®), an experimental drug that boosts stem cell production.

 

Administering High-Dose Chemotherapy


After the stem cells are frozen and stored, the patient is ready to receive high-dose chemotherapy. This treatment is designed to destroy myeloma cells more effectively than standarddose chemotherapy. The purpose of high-dose chemotherapy is to kill myeloma cells inside the patient’s body. The most common type of high-dose chemotherapy used to treat myeloma is melphalan administered at a dose of 200 milligrams per square meter (mg/m2) of body surface area (size of patient). Depending on the type of myeloma and other factors, some patients may receive a second transplant 3 to 6 months after the first transplant (double or tandem transplant). A patient should discuss with the doctor the pros and cons of more than one transplant planned and performed backto- back versus the possibility that the cells will be stored for a potential second transplant at a later time.

Autologous Stem Cell Transplant or Infusion

Since high-dose treatment destroys the normal bone marrow in addition to the myeloma cells, the blood stem cells must be given back to restore the bone marrow. The previously collected stem cells will be unfrozen and given back, through a catheter, into the bloodstream (as one would receive a blood transfusion) one to two days after administration of the high-dose chemotherapy. This procedure is often referred to as the transplant. The transplant takes place in the patient’s room: it is not a surgical procedure. The frozen bags of bone marrow or blood cells are thawed in a warm water bath, and then injected into the bloodstream through the catheter. Upon thawing, the DMSO (freezing agent) evaporates into the air and creates a distinct and somewhat unpleasant garlic smell. Most centers infuse one bag at a time. It usually takes 1–4 hours for the infusion. Infused stem cells travel through the bloodstream, and eventually, to the bone marrow, where they begin to produce new white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It takes 10–14 days for the newly produced blood cells to enter the bloodstream in substantial numbers. Growth factors may again be given to the patient to speed up this process.

In addition to obliterating the bone marrow, high-dose chemotherapy can cause other severe side effects, which may require that some patients be admitted to the hospital for treatment during this period. (Not all transplant centers require that patients remain in the hospital after the infusion of stem cells; some have facilities close by where patients may stay and be monitored daily at the hospital on an out-patient basis, while others allow patients who live close to the hospital to sleep at home and be monitored at the hospital). The average time in the hospital (or a nearby facility) for the chemotherapy, transplant, and recovery is approximately 3 weeks. Shortly before starting chemotherapy, patients usually are given large amounts of fluid to prevent dehydration and kidney damage from the chemotherapy. Some of the more common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, skin rashes, hair loss, fever or chills, and infection. Medications designed to prevent or lessen some of the expected side effects of treatment are given routinely. Patients are very closely monitored during and after the administration of high-dose chemotherapy. Monitoring includes daily weight measurement as well as frequent measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature.

 

Preventing Infection


During the first 2–3 weeks after transplantation, the re-infused stem cells migrate to the bone marrow and begin the process of producing replacement blood cells, a process called engraftment. Until engraftment of the stem cells takes place, patients are very susceptible to developing infections. Even a minor infection like the common cold can lead to serious problems because the body’s immune system is so weakened by the effects of the high-dose chemotherapy. Therefore, special precautions are necessary during recovery. Since the patient’s immune system is very weak, patients may remain in the hospital until the white blood cell counts reach a level safe enough for the patient to be discharged. To prevent infection, the following supportive care measures may be required:

  • Antibiotics are often prescribed to help prevent infection.
  • Visitors should wash their hands and may be asked to wear masks and rubber gloves to protect the patient.
  • Fresh fruits, vegetables, and flowers may be prohibited from the patient’s room as these can carry infection (bacteria and fungi).
  • If infection and/or fever occurs (as the result of lowered white cell counts), the patient may be admitted to the hospital and be given intravenous antibiotics.

 

Engraftment and Recovery


Once the stem cells have been re-infused, it will take about two weeks for blood counts to recover. Many transplant centers will again use white blood cell growth factors (Neupogen, Neulasta, Leukine) after the transplant to help stimulate the bone marrow to produce normal blood cells. These injections (under the skin) will continue until the white blood count returns to normal. During this time, red blood cell and/or platelet transfusions may be necessary.

Waiting for the transplanted stem cells to engraft, for blood counts to return to safe levels, and for side effects to disappear is often the most difficult time for both the patient and his or her family and friends. During this period patients will feel weak and very fatigued. Having a support network is very important during this period. Recovery can be like a roller coaster ride: one day a patient may feel much better, only to awake the next day feeling as sick as ever. It is important during this period to take things one day at a time. Once new blood cells are being made, symptoms will resolve, the risk of serious infections will be reduced, and transfusions will no longer be needed.

After being discharged from the hospital, a patient continues recovery at home for two to four months. Although patients may be well enough to leave the hospital, their recovery will be far from over. For the first several weeks the patient may be too weak to do much more than sleep, sit up, and walk a little around the house. Frequent visits to the hospital will be required to monitor progress. Patients usually cannot resume normal activities or return to fulltime work for up to three to six months after the transplant, although this varies from individual to individual.

Am I a Candidate for an Autologous Transplant?


A stem cell transplant is a treatment option for many myeloma patients; however, it is not a cure. It can improve the duration of remission and survival. It can also provide a better quality of life for most patients. Not all patients with myeloma are candidates for a stem cell transplant. Many factors must be taken into consideration. These include factors related to the myeloma itself and patient-related factors.

Myeloma-Related Factors

  • type of myeloma
  • disease stage
  • disease aggressiveness
  • responsiveness to treatment
  • serum albumin
  • beta-2 microglobulin
  • chromosome analysis


Patient-Related Factors

  • age
  • health status
  • kidney, heart, lung, and liver function
  • patient preference


We cannot stress enough that myeloma is a highly individualized disease. While there are similarities between patients, each case has its own distinct characteristics. There will be testing to determine how much myeloma there is in your body and how aggressive it is. All of these variables will be weighed before determining whether a transplant is appropriate for you. Therefore, general statements regarding patient outcomes both during the transplant procedure and post transplant are inappropriate.

When to transplant is also an important consideration. Most transplant physicians believe it is better to perform the transplant early in the disease course. However, there is no absolute clinical data to suggest that transplantation earlier in the treatment regimen is better than waiting until later. Remember, in most cases, unlike a heart attack, myeloma gives the patient the luxury of time to do some homework and to gather the information needed to make an informed decision about what’s right for him or her. For example, one could have stem cells harvested and saved for a later treatment. This leaves the patient open to other more immediate treatment options. These are things to discuss with the doctor. It’s important to remember that even if someone is a good transplant candidate, the ultimate decision about whether or not to have a transplant is the patient’s.

Transplants and Clinical Trials


A single autologous stem cell transplant is currently considered the standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma. However, there are a number of novel approaches that are being evaluated to try to improve patient outcomes. These are being conducted as clinical trials. These include the following:

A tandem autologous transplant is an approach that utilizes two autologous transplants. Sufficient stem cells are collected prior to the first transplant. Three to six months after the first transplant, the patient receives a second similar course of high-dose therapy followed by infusion of the other half of the stored stem cells. Preliminary data indicates that tandem transplants result in improved disease control and survival in patients who do not achieve either VGPR or CR following first autologous transplant.

by infusion of the other half of the stored stem cells. Preliminary data indicates that tandem transplants result in improved disease control and survival in patients who do not achieve either VGPR or CR following first autologous transplant.

Radiopharmaceuticals (radioactive bone-targeted therapy) are combined with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant as a means to increase response rates. This approach allows for a two-pronged attack on the myeloma through high-dose chemotherapy plus a radioactive compound that only attacks the bone marrow. There is currently a radiopharmaceutical agent in myeloma clinical trials: Quadramet (samarium Sm-153 lexidronam).

Sequential autologous transplant followed by a mini allogeneic transplant. Pilot studies using sequential transplants have shown promise. This involves high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous transplant to destroy the majority of the myeloma cells, followed 2 to 4 months later by an allogeneic mini-transplant to allow the donor’s immune cells to destroy any remaining myeloma cells. As with a single mini allogeneic transplant, there is a risk of graft-versus-host disease, which can be very serious and potentially life threatening.

This involves high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous transplant to destroy the majority of the myeloma cells, followed 2 to 4 months later by an allogeneic mini-transplant to allow the donor’s immune cells to destroy any remaining myeloma cells. As with a single mini allogeneic transplant, there is a risk of graft-versus-host disease, which can be very serious and potentially life threatening.

Psychosocial Issues


High-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplantation can place an enormous stress on patients and families. Physical, psychological, emotional, and financial stresses can be overwhelming. Patients and families may experience feelings of anger, depression, and anxiety over an unknown future and a lack of control. Support services offered through the hospital and many other organizations, including myeloma support groups, are very important during this time. We urge you to take advantage of these services, or to seek a referral from your oncologist for psychological counseling and/or a psychiatric consultation.

For more Information


See Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation: multiplemyeloma.org

Published with kind permission by the International Myeloma Foundation: www.myeloma.org

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